← Back to Index
Research & Engineering Archive

EF 5. Capacitance

By Jingnan Huang · February 06, 2025 · 2574 Words

Last Edit: 2/6/25

Capacitor 电容器是一种储存 Electrical Energy 的装置,由两个相互隔离的导体(即极板)组成,分别带有 +q 和 -q 的电荷

Img

5.1 Capacitance 电容
#

Charging a Capacitor
#

类比一个水流抽水的过程,电池就是水泵推动水在管道中移动

Property of Capacitance
#

也就是说 q = CV 这个公式真正定义的是 q 和 V 之间的系数关系

5.2 Calculating The Capacitance
#

不同类型的电容器,其电容值的计算方式不同,具体取决于几何结构和极板之间的介质

Parallel-Plate Capacitor 平行板电容器
#

Img

Cylindrical Capacitor 圆柱形电容器(
#

Img

Spherical Capacitor 球形电容器
#

Isolated Spherical Capacitor 孤立球形电容器
#

ex. Change in Capacitance when change in radius
#

A drop of mercury is an isolated sphere with radius R= 3.83. What is the capacitance of a drop that results from three drops of mercury combined, each with the same radius R

5.3 Capacitors in parallel and in series
#

5.3.1 Capacitors in Parallel
#

Img

5.3.2 Capacitors in Series
#

ex. Capacitors in both Parallel and Series
#

Find charge on C1

Img

5.4 Energy Stored in an Electric Field
#

当外部装置(如电池)对电容器充电时,做的功以势能 U 的形式储存,有 $$U=\frac{q^2}{2C}$$

积分在均匀电场和点电荷电场等对称电场中简化,有 \(V_{AB} = - \int_A^B \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{l} = - E \int_A^B \cos \theta , dl\),\(V_{AB} = - \int_A^B \frac{kq}{r^2} , dr = kq \left( \frac{1}{r_A} - \frac{1}{r_B} \right)\) 等

为什么 W = U 我也不知道

Distance between plates and Capacitance
#

Energy Density
#

Dielectric
#

Breakdown Potential
#

Material Dielectric Constant ( \kappa ) Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)
Air (1 atm) 1.00054 3
Polystyrene 2.6 24
Paper 3.5 16
Transformer oil 4.5
Pyrex 4.7 14
Ruby mica 5.4
Porcelain 6.5
Silicon 12
Germanium 16
Ethanol 25
Water (20°C) 80.4
Water (25°C) 78.5
Titania ceramic 130
Strontium titanate 310 8

For a vacuum, ( \(\kappa = 1\) ).*

Capacitor with a Dielectric
#

Super Capacitor
#

对比了超级电容器(Supercapacitor)与锂离子电池(Lithium-ion battery)的性能和特性:

功能 超级电容器 锂离子电池(通用)
充电时间 1 – 10 秒 10 – 60 分钟
循环寿命 100 万次或 30,000 小时 500 次及以上
单元电压 2.3 至 2.75 伏 3.6 至 3.7 伏
比能量 (Wh/kg) 5(典型值) 100 – 200
比功率 (W/kg) 高达 10,000 1000 – 3000
每 Wh 成本 约 20 美元 0.50 – 1.00 美元(大系统)

ex. Energy change when insert an Dielectirc
#